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1.
Int. braz. j. urol ; 36(3): 300-307, May-June 2010. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-555189

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Complete androgen blockade (CAB) does not prolong overall survival (OS) in patients with castration refractory prostate cancer (CRPC). Although there is variable clinical benefit with second-line hormone manipulation, we do not know which patients might benefit the most. OBJECTIVES: To identify clinical predictors of benefit of complete androgen blockade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records for 54 patients who received treatment with CAB in the setting of disease progression despite castration. We evaluated progression-free survival (PFS) and OS according to PSA at diagnosis, Gleason scores, age, testosterone level, and duration of prior disease control during castration in first line treatment. RESULTS: Among 54 patients who received CAB, the median PFS was 9 months (CI 4.3-13.7) and OS was 36 months (CI 24-48). We did not find an effect of PSA at diagnosis (p = 0.32), Gleason score (p = 0.91), age (p = 0.69) or disease control during castration (p = 0.87) on PFS or OS. Thirty-four patients subsequently received chemotherapy, with a mean OS of 21 months (CI 16.4-25.5, median not reached). CONCLUSION: Age, Gleason score, PSA at diagnosis and length of disease control with castration did not affect PFS or OS. In the absence of predictors of benefit, CAB should still be considered in CRPC.


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use , Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Brazil , Castration , Disease-Free Survival , Follow-Up Studies , Neoplasm Metastasis , Orchiectomy , Prostate-Specific Antigen/analysis , Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality , Survival Rate
2.
Rev. Soc. Cardiol. Estado de Säo Paulo ; 19(4): 535-543, out.-dez. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-559940

ABSTRACT

A incidência de neoplasias malignas vem aumentando em todo o mundo em decorrência do envelhecimento da população, o que torna cada vez mais importante a prevenção em seus diversos níveis. O presente artigo tem por objetivo descrever algumas estratégias com esse fim. A prevenção primária, que deve ser orientada por todos os médicos quando avaliam um paciente, compreende as medidas instituídas para diminuir o risco de surgimento dos cânceres pela menor exposição aos fatores de risco, como cessação do tabagismo, dieta adequada e atividade física regular. A prevenção secundária, que também pode ser orientada por diversos profissionais, implica o diagnóstico precoce do câncer. Alguns exames são bem estabelecidos para esse fim, como a mamografia, no caso de câncer de mama, e o teste de Papanicolau, no caso de câncer de colo de útero. Há controvérsias sobre a utilidade de alguns testes para triagem populacional, como é o caso do antígeno prostático específico para o câncer de próstada. A prática bastante disseminada de solicitar marcadores tumorais como meio de rastreiamento não encontra embasamento na literatura e deve ser desestimulada. A prevenção terciária consiste na realização de testes que ajudem a evitar a deterioração clínica do paciente já com diagnóstico de câncer, e geralmente fica a cargo do especialista no tratamento do câncer. Cabe reforçar que vários tipos de câncer são passíveis de prevenção ou curávéis e é papel do clínico intervir no processo de instalação e progressão da doença neoplásica, realizando de modo adequado a prevenção primária e a secundária, quando não há a disponibilidade do especialista.


The incidence of malignant neoplasias has increased throughout the globe due to the aging of the population, which makes prevention even more important. This short review is aimed at discussing prevention strategies. Primary prevention includes informing patients about measures to reduce the risk of developing cancers by decreasing exposure to risk factors, such as quitting smoking, adequate diet and regular physical activity during medical visits. Secondary prevention, which may also be given by different professionals, includes the early diagnosis of cancer. Some diagnostic tests are well established, such as mammography in the case of breast cancer and Pap Smear in cervical cancer. Controversy remains over the utility of some tests for population screening, such as the prostate antigen for prostate cancer. A broadly used practice of using tumor tracers is not supported by literature data and must not be encouraged. Tertiary prevention consists in the use of tests to avoid clinical deterioration of the patient with cancer and is usually a decision of the oncologist. It should be emphasized that several types of cancer are potentially avoidable or curable and it is the role of the physician to interfere in the process of development and progression of neoplastic diseases, by adequately performing primary and secondary prevention, when specialists are not available.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/prevention & control , Primary Prevention/methods , Secondary Prevention/methods , Tertiary Prevention/methods , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Risk Factors
3.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 54(2): 178-182, mar.-abr. 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-482912

ABSTRACT

Geriatricians and general practitioners often follow patients with metastatic prostate cancer. The epidemiology and basic treatment principles of metastatic prostate cancer are discussed aiming to update the topic for the non-oncologist. Hormone manipulation remains the basis of treatment, usually up to a second line of therapy. Selected cases are treated successfully with intermittent androgen ablation. When new hormone-independent clones arise, chemotherapy should be added to therapy that confers improved survival as well as better quality of life when based on taxanes. In specific situations, additional measures such as bisphosphonates and radiation therapy should be included in the treatment. As a rule, the public health system makes available the necessary medication to ensure treatment for the vast majority of patients in Brazil.


Pacientes com câncer de prostata metastático estão freqüentemente sob os cuidados de geriatras e clínicos gerais. Discutimos a epidemiologia e os princípios básicos do tratamento do câncer de próstata metastático, visando atualizar o não-oncologista no assunto. A base do tratamento continua sendo a manipulação hormonal, inclusive como tratamento de segunda linha. Casos selecionados podem ser tratados com ablação androgênica intermitente de maneira eficaz. Quando se desenvolvem clones de células hormônio-independentes, quimioterápicos são incorporados na terapia. A quimioterapia confere não só benefício em sobrevida, mas também na qualidade de vida, quando baseado em taxanos. Medidas adicionais como o uso de bisfosfonados e radioterapia devem ser incorporadas no tratamento em situações especiais. De modo geral, o sistema público de saúde do Brasil disponibiliza todas as medicações necessárias ao adequado tratamento dos pacientes no país.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use , Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use , Brazil , Delivery of Health Care , Prostatic Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Prostatic Neoplasms/secondary
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